effects that enzymes can have on substrates

What is the frequency of rotary molecular motors?.How fast are electrical signals propagated in cells?.How fast do proteasomes degrade proteins?.What is the maturation time for fluorescent proteins?.What is faster, transcription or translation?.What is the turnover time of metabolites?.How many ions pass through an ion channel per second?.What are the rates of membrane transporters?.How does temperature affect rates and affinities?.How many reactions do enzymes carry out each second?.What are the time scales for diffusion in cells?.How does metabolic rate scale with size?.What is the power consumption of a cell?.What is the electric potential difference across membranes?.What is the free energy released upon combustion of sugar?.What is the energy in transfer of a phosphate group?.How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis?.What are the physical limits for detection by cells?.How much force is applied by cytoskeletal filaments?.What is the entropy cost when two molecules form a complex?.How much energy is carried by photons used in photosynthesis?.What is the energy scale associated with the hydrophobic effect?.What is the thermal energy scale and how is it relevant to biology?.How many rhodopsin molecules are in a rod cell?.What are the absolute numbers of signaling proteins?.What are the copy numbers of transcription factors?.What is the macromolecular composition of the cell?.What are the concentrations of cytoskeletal molecules?.How much cell-to-cell variability exists in protein expression?.What are the most abundant proteins in a cell?.What lipids are most abundant in membranes?.What are the concentrations of free metabolites in cells?.What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?.What is the concentration of bacterial cells in a saturated culture?.What quantities of nutrients need to be supplied in growth media?.

What are environmental O2 and CO2 concentrations?.What is the elemental composition of a cell?.Concentrations and Absolute Numbers – Introduction.II: Concentrations and Absolute Numbers.What is the thickness of the cell membrane?.How big are the molecular machines of the central dogma?.Which is bigger, mRNA or the protein it codes for?.How big are biochemical nuts and bolts?.How big is the endoplasmic reticulum of cells?.What is the range of cell sizes and shapes?.How to make back-of-the-envelope calculations.

Effects that enzymes can have on substrates